Study of cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope. Exploration of the functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Understanding the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells, the role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells and the structural adaptations of some unicellular organisms. Understanding  the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms.  Study of the structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, movement and making blood cells,  the tissues and organs of the human digestive system, including adaptations to function and how the digestive system digests food.  Reproduction in humans (as an example of a mammal), including the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle (without details of hormones), gametes, fertilisation, gestation and birth, to include the effect of maternal lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta.  

• SOI: Models represent how systems function and interact.
• Key Concept: Models
• Related Concept: Systems
• Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Exploration of magnetic poles, attraction and repulsion, magnetic fields by plotting with compass, representation by field lines. Study of the earth’s magnetism, compass and navigation. The properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model, including gas pressure. Understanding the changes of state in terms of the particle model,  conservation of material and of mass, and reversibility, in melting, freezing, evaporation, sublimation, condensation, dissolving. Understanding the differences in arrangements, in motion and in closeness of particles explaining changes of state, shape and density, the anomaly of ice-water transition  atoms and molecules as particles. Study of atmospheric pressure, the decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height  pressure in liquids, increasing with depth; upthrust effects, floating and sinking  pressure measured by ratio of force over area – acting normal to any surface.

• SOI: Interactions influence the relationships within and between systems, affecting how components interact and function together
• Key Concept: Relationships
• Related Concept: Interactions
• Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Exploration of the properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model, including gas pressure  changes of state in terms of the particle model.  Conservation of mass changes of state and chemical reactions.  Study of the differences between atoms, elements and compounds, chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds.  Exploration of the concept of a pure substance  mixtures, including dissolving  diffusion in terms of the particle model  simple techniques for separating mixtures: filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography  the identification of pure substances.

• SOI: Models are used to represent the matter and used to understand the change they can go through.
• Key Concept: Change
• Related Concept: Models
• Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Study of forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction between two objects and  using force arrows in diagrams, adding forces in one dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces. Understanding  moment as the turning effect of a force  forces: associated with deforming objects; stretching and squashing – springs; with rubbing and friction between surfaces, with pushing things out of the way; resistance to motion of air and water  forces measured in newtons, measurements of stretch or compression as force is changed.  Study of force-extension linear relation; Hooke’s Law as a special case  work done and energy changes on deformation,  frequencies of sound waves, measured in hertz (Hz); echoes, reflection and absorption of sound. Consider how sound needs a medium to travel, the speed of sound in air, in water, in solids. Exploration of sound produced by vibrations of objects, in loud speakers, detected by their effects on microphone diaphragm and the ear drum; sound waves are longitudinal  auditory range of humans and animals.  Understanding the similarities and differences between light waves and waves in matter, light waves travelling through a vacuum; speed of light,   gravity force, weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g), on Earth g=10 N/kg, different on other planets and stars; gravity forces between Earth and Moon, and between Earth and Sun (qualitative only)  our Sun as a star, other stars in our galaxy, other galaxies  the seasons and the Earth’s tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres  the light year as a unit of astronomical distance.

• SOI: Exploring how forces act in space and how waves behave in different environments, we can understand the relationships and interactions that shape our universe.
• Key Concept: Relationships
• Related Concept: Interaction
• Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Study of electric current, measured in amperes, in circuits, series and parallel circuits, currents and adding where branches meet and current as flow of charge. Understanding  potential difference, measured in volts, battery and bulb ratings; resistance, measured in ohms, as the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current  differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components (quantitative). Separation of positive or negative charges when objects are rubbed together: transfer of electrons, forces between charged objects  the idea of electric field, forces acting across the space between objects not in contact,  the magnetic effect of a current, electromagnets, D.C. motors (principles only), 

• SOI: Understanding how systems function and interact helps us use evidence to make informed decisions.           
• Key Concept: Systems
• Related Concept: Interaction
• Global Context: Scientific and Technical Innovation

Exploration of the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops,  heredity as the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next. Study of the variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous, to include measurement and graphical representation of variation and  the variation between species and between individuals of the same species means some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection. Considering how  changes in the environment may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction. Study of  colours and the different frequencies of light, white light and prisms (qualitative only); differential colour effects in absorption and diffuse reflection.  Exploration of the use of ray model to explain; the human eye  light transferring energy from source to absorber leading to chemical and electrical effects; photo-sensitive material in the retina and in cameras.

• SOI: Mathematical patterns and scientific principles, observed in the natural world, can inspire artistic expression and inform our understanding of the interconnectedness of living things.    
• Key Concept: Systems
• Related Concept: Communities
• Global Context: Globalisation and Sustainability

Study of – P5.1 Alternating Current 5.2 Cables and Plugs 5.3 Electrical Power and PD 5.4 Electrical Currents and Energy Transfer P5.5 Appliances and Efficiency 

B4 Organising Plants and Animals 

Study of – B4.6 Tissues and organs in plants, B4.7 Transport systems in plants, B4.8 Evaporation and TRansport, B4.9 Factors affecting Transport.

C4 Chemical Calculations 

Study of – C4.1 Relative mass and Moles, C4,2 Equations and Calculations, C4.3 From masses to balanced equations C4. 4 The yield of a chemical reaction C4.5 Atom Economy C4.6 Expressing concentrations C4.7 Titrations C4.8 Titration Calculations C4.9 Volumes of gases.

B5 Communicable Diseases 

B5.1 Health and Disease B5.2 Pathogens and Disease B5.3 Growing bacteria in the lab B5.4 Preventing bacterial growth B5.5 Preventing infections B5.6 Viral Disease B5.7 Bacterial Infections B5.8 Diseases caused by fungi and protists B5.9 Human defence responses.

P6.1 Density P6.2 States of matter P6.3 Changes of state P6.4 Internal Energy P6.5 Specific Latent heat P6.6 Gas pressure and Temperature P6.7 Gas pressure and volume.

C5 Chemical Changes

C5.1 The reactivity series C5.2 Displacement reactions C5.3 Extracting metals C5.4 Salts from metals C5.5 Salts from insoluble bases C5.6 Making more salts C5.7 Neutralisation and the pH Scale C5.8 Strong and weak acids.

B6  Preventing and Treating Diseases B7 Non-Communicable Diseases

B6.1 Vaccinations B6.2 Antibiotics and painkillers B6.3 Discovering drugs B6.4 Developing drugs B6.5 Making monoclonal antibodies B6.6 Uses and monoclonal antibodies B7.1 Non-communicable diseases B7.2 Cancer B7.3 Smoking and the risk of disease B7.4 Diet, exercise and disease B7.8 Alcohol and other carcinogens.

P7.1 Atoms and Radiation P7.2 The discovery of the nucleus P7.3 Changes in the nucleus P7.4 More about alpha, beta and gamma radiation B7.5 Activity and Half-Life P7.6 Nuclear radiation in medicine P7.7 Nuclear fission P7.8 Nuclear fusion P7.9 Nuclear issues.

B8 Photosynthesis B9 Respiration

B8.1 Photosynthesis B8.2 The rate of photosynthesis B8.3 How plants use glucose B8.4 Making the most of photosynthesis B9.1 Aerobic respira

C6.1 Introduction to electrolysis C6.2 Changes at the electrodes C6.3 The extraction of aluminium C6.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions 7.1 Exothermic and endothermic reaction C7.2 Using energy transfers from reactions C7.3 Reaction Profiles C7.4 Bond energy calculations C7.5 Chemical cells and batteries C7.6 Fuel Cells.

B10 The Human Nervous System B11 Hormonal Coordination

B10.1 principles of homeostasis B10.2 The structure and function of the nervous system B10.3 Reflex actions B10.4 The brain B10.5 The eye B10.6 Problems of the eye B11.1 Principles of hormonal control B11.2 the control of blood glucose levels B11.3 Treating diabetes B11.4 The role of negative feedback B11.5 Human reproduction B11.6 Hormones and the menstrual cycle B11.7 The artificial control of fertility B11.8 Infertility treatments B11.9 Plant hormones and responses B11.10 Using plant hormones.

P8.1 Vectors and scalars P8.2 Forces between objects P8.3 Resultant forces P8.4 Moments at work P8.5 More about levers and gears P8.6 Center of mass P8.7 Moments and equilibrium P8.8 The parallelogram of forces P8.9 Resolution of forces.

C8 Rates and Equilibrium

C8.1 Rates of reaction C8.2 Collision theory and surface area C8.3 The effect of temperature C8.4 The effect of concentration and pressure C8.5 The effect of catalysts C8.6 Reversible reactions C8.7 Energy and reversible reactions C8.8 Dynamic equilibrium C8.9 Altering conditions.

C8.1 Rates of reaction C8.2 Collision theory and surface area C8.3 The effect of temperature C8.4 The effect of concentration and pressure C8.5 The effect of catalysts C8.6 Reversible reactions C8.7 Energy and reversible reactions C8.8 Dynamic equilibrium C8.9 Altering conditions.

P9 Motion P10 Forces and Motion   

P9.1 Speed and distance-time graphs P9.2 Velocity and acceleration P9.3 More about velocity-time graphs P9.4 Analysing motion graphs P10.1 Forces and acceleration P10.2 Weight and terminal velocity P10.3 Forces and braking P10.4 Momentum P10.5 Using conservation of momentum  P10.6 Impact forces P10.7 Safety first P10.8 Forces and elasticity.

2.1.2 Understanding the structure and function of the cell is a fundamental concept  with careful observation using microscopes.  Explain the ultrastructure and the roles of cells along with their organelles.  2.1.2 The cells of all living organisms are composed of biological molecules. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are three of the key groups of biological macromolecules that are essential for life.

2.1.3 Nucleic acids are essential to heredity in living organisms. Understanding the structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids allows an understanding of their roles in the storage and use of genetic information and cell metabolism. 2.1.4 Metabolism in living organisms relies upon enzyme-controlled reactions. Knowledge of how enzymes function and the factors that affect enzyme action has improved our understanding of biological processes and increased our use of enzymes in industry. 2.1.5 The structure of the plasma membrane, understanding how different substances enter cells.

2.1.6 During the cell cycle, genetic information is copied and passed to daughter cells, this can be seen through a microscope. 

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are modified and their potential.  To understand how a whole organism functions. 3.1.1 Ventilation and gas exchange systems become essential to supply oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide. Examples of mammals, bony fish and insects. 4.1.1 Pathogens and organisms defences including immune system. Medical intervention can be used to support these natural defences.

3.1.2 Transport systems are essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste. Controlling the supply of nutrients and removal of waste requires the coordinated activity of the heart and circulatory system. 4.2.1 Explain biodiversity, how it is an important indicator in the study of habitats and how/why we maintain biodiversity.

3.1.3 As plants become larger and more complex, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. The supply of nutrients from the soil relies upon the flow of water through a vascular system, as does the movement of the products of photosynthesis. 4.2.1 Explain biodiversity, how it is an important indicator in the study of habitats and how/why we maintain biodiversity. 4.2.2 Explain evolution, all organisms share a common ancestry allows them to be classified. Classification systems have changed and will continue to change.

3.1.3 As plants become larger and more complex, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. The supply of nutrients from the soil relies upon the flow of water through a vascular system, as does the movement of the products of photosynthesis. 4.2.1 Explain biodiversity, how it is an important indicator in the study of habitats and how/why we maintain biodiversity. 4.2.2 Explain evolution, all organisms share a common ancestry allows them to be classified. Classification systems have changed and will continue to change. 6.1.1 The way in which cells control metabolic reactions determines how organisms grow, develop and function.

2.1.1 This section builds directly from GCSE Science, starting with basic atomic structure and isotopes, 2.1.2 Compounds, formulae and equations – Important basic chemical skills are developed: writing chemical formulae and constructing equations, 2.1.3 Amount of substance – calculating chemical quantities using the concept of amount of substance, 2.1.4 The role of acids, bases and salts in chemistry is developed in the context of neutralisation reactions.

2.1.5 redox reactions are studied within the context of oxidation number and electron transfer. 2.2.1 Electron structure – energy levels, sub-shells, atomic orbitals and electron configuration, 2.2.2 Bonding and structure including ionic and covalent bonding, the shapes of simple molecules and ions, electronegativity and bond polarity and intermolecular forces, 3.1 The periodic table – 3.1.1 Periodicity including the structure of the periodic table and the periodic trends of electron configuration, ionisation energy, structure and melting point,  4.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons – 4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry including naming and representing the formulae of organic compounds and functional groups.

4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry including isomerism and reaction mechanisms, 4.1.2 Properties and reactions of alkanes, 4.1.3 Properties of alkenes, stereoisomerism in alkenes, addition reactions and polymers from alkenes and waste polymers and alternatives.

4.2.1 Properties and reactions of alcohols including combustion, oxidation, elimination and substitution reactions, 4.2.2 Haloalkanes – substitution reactions of haloalkanes including the environmental concerns from use of organohalogen compounds.

3.1.3 As plants become larger and more complex, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. The supply of nutrients from the soil relies upon the flow of water through a vascular system, as does the movement of the products of photosynthesis. 4.2.1 Explain biodiversity, how it is an important indicator in the study of habitats and how/why we maintain biodiversity. 4.2.2 Explain evolution, all organisms share a common ancestry allows them to be classified. Classification systems have changed and will continue to change.

3.1.3 As plants become larger and more complex, transport systems become essential to supply nutrients to, and remove waste from, individual cells. The supply of nutrients from the soil relies upon the flow of water through a vascular system, as does the movement of the products of photosynthesis. 4.2.1 Explain biodiversity, how it is an important indicator in the study of habitats and how/why we maintain biodiversity. 4.2.2 Explain evolution, all organisms share a common ancestry allows them to be classified. Classification systems have changed and will continue to change. 6.1.1 The way in which cells control metabolic reactions determines how organisms grow, develop and function.

4.1 Charge and current, 4.2 Energy, power and resistance.

4.3 Electrical circuits

4.4 Waves.

4.4 Waves.

4.5 Quantum physics

6.4 Nuclear and particle physics

A1.1 Ultrastructure and function of organelles in the following cells: A2 Structure and function of specialised cells in multicellular organisms:  A3 Structure and function of biological tissues:  B: Structure and function of biological molecules:  B2 Structure and function of carbohydrates:  B3 Structure and function of proteins:  B4 Structure and function of nucleic acids:  A: Understanding waves and optical fibres,A1 Working with waves A2 Principles of optical fibres.

B5 Structure and function of lipids:  C: Cellular transport and enzyme activity:  C1 Cell transport mechanisms: C2 Enzymes as biological catalysts: C3 Homeostasis  A3 Uses of electromagnetic waves in communication  B: Forces in transportation and Newton’s Laws of Motion. B1 Measurement and representation of motion.

A: Atomic and electronic structure B: Bonding and structure: B2 Laws of motion  C: Electrical circuits and the transfer of energy C1 Use of electrical components.

C: Periodicity:   the Period 3 elements:  C2 Equations  C3 Electrical energy usage C4 Energy transfer.

D: Physical chemistry D1.1 Concept of the mole and use in calculations:  D1.2 Chemical kinetics:  D1.3 Chemical energetics:  D1.4 Chemical equilibrium:  C4 Energy transfer.

E: Organic chemistry:  C5 Change of state.